Intranasal administration of NeuroEPO does not affect the structure of respiratory mucosa in Wistar rats / La administración de NeuroEPO intranasal no afecta la estructura de la mucosa respiratoria en ratas Wistar

Introduction: Diseases associated with the Central Nervous System represent a group of conditions with important social and economic repercussions. New treatment strategies with NeuroEPO offer new opportunities to prevent the onset and progression of these disorders. NeuroEPO administered intranasally can reach the Central Nervous System through various mechanisms involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, respiratory and olfactory mucosa, nasal vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid, and the lymphatic system. Objective: To determine the effect of intranasal administration of NeuroEPO on the histologic structure of the respiratory mucosa and its associated lymphatic tissue in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: An experimental, descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted, using the Wistar rat as a biological model. Ten healthy animals were randomly distributed in two groups of five animals each. One of the groups received intranasal NeuroEPO for 28 days at doses of 300 μg/kg. The other group was given a vehicle at a rate of 0,3μl/g. The histological characteristics of the respiratory mucosa were studied. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the means. Results: No alterations in the histological characteristics of the respiratory mucosa and the lymphatic tissue associated with the nasal mucosa were observed in Wistar rats after the administration of NeuroEPO. Conclusion: Intranasal administration of NeuroEPO does not cause pathological changes in the histological structure of the respiratory mucosa or the lymphatic tissue associated with the nasal mucosa of Wistar rats in our experimental conditions.

Introducción: Las enfermedades asociadas al Sistema Nervioso Central representan un grupo de padecimientos con importante repercusión social y económica. Las nuevas estrategias de tratamiento con NeuroEPO ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para prevenir la aparición y la progresión de estos desórdenes. La NeuroEPO administrada por vía intranasal puede alcanzar al Sistema Nervioso Central a través de varios mecanismos que involucran los nervios olfatorios y trigéminos, mucosa respiratoria y olfatoria, vasculatura nasal, fluido cerebroespinal y el sistema linfático. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la administración intranasal de NeuroEPO sobre la estructura histológica de la mucosa respiratoria y de su tejido linfático asociado en ratas Wistar. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, utilizando la rata Wistar como modelo biológico. Se utilizaron diez animales sanos distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de cinco cada uno. Uno de los grupos recibió NeuroEPO intranasal durante 28 días a dosis de 300 µg/ kg. Al otro grupo se le administró vehículo a una razón de 0,3µl /g. Se estudiaron las características histológicas de la mucosa respiratoria. Las medianas de los grupos fueron comparadas mediante la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: No se observaron alteraciones en las características histológicas de la mucosa respiratoria, ni del tejido linfático asociado a la mucosa nasal en ratas Wistar, tras la administración de la NeuroEPO. Conclusión: La administración intranasal de NeuroEPO no provoca cambios patológicos sobre la estructura histológica de la mucosa respiratoria ni del tejido linfático asociado a la mucosa nasal de ratas Wistar en nuestras condiciones experimentales.

Exploration of Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 by Regulating Mucosal Immune System with Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Patients with low immune function are prone to novel coronavirus infection, which is consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concept of deficiency of vital Qi and invasion of toxin. At present, it is necessary to focus on the development of antiviral drugs, but it is also urgent to study the preparation for regulating the immune system. Mucosal tissue is an important barrier of human immune system. It has an independent immune system with unique functions and structures. It is the body's first line of defense against infection, and is in direct contact with external antigens (such as food, symbiotic bacteria, viruses, etc.). In the resistance to viruses and infections, the mucosal immune system (such as respiratory mucosa, intestinal mucosa, etc.) plays an extremely important role, which can eliminate foreign pathogenic microorganisms or other foreign antigens, so that the virus does not invade the body tissue and cause damage to the body. There are more and more reports on the therapeutic effects of TCM through the mucosal immune system. This paper aims to explore the relationship between mucosal immunity and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the intervention mechanism of TCM, so as to provide useful research methods and therapeutic ideas for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Effects of xylene on respiratory mucosa in rats / Efectos del xileno sobre la mucosa respiratoria de ratas

In this study we examined the effects histopathologic and immunohistochemical of xylene inhalation in rats by using light microscopy. Adult wistar albino rats were used in this study. Eight rats were in control group and 8 rats were in the experimental group. The experimental group was exposed to 300 ppm formaldehyde 3­5 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The lining epithelium of respiratory mucosa showed a loss of ciliated cells with metaplasia of goblet cells, hyperplasia of squamous cells and edema, inflamation in sub epithelial area). In the group treated xylene. Disruption of cell-cell contact was observed. Weak expression of E-cadherin was observed between cells. The vascular endothelium of capillaries and venoles showed intense immunostaining for VEGF.

Se examinó el efecto histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de la inhalación de xileno en ratas mediante el uso de microscopía de luz. Se utilizaron ratas albinas Wistar adultas. Ocho ratas formaron parte del grupo control y 8 del grupo experimental. El grupo experimental fue expuesto a 300 ppm de formaldehído, 3­5 min/día, 5 días/semana, durante 8 semanas. El epitelio de revestimiento de la mucosa respiratoria mostró una pérdida de células ciliadas con metaplasia de células caliciformes, hiperplasia de células escamosas y edema, con inflamación en la zona subepitelial. En el grupo tratado con xileno se observó una interrupción del contacto célula-célula. Se observó una débil expresión de E-cadherina entre las células. El endotelio vascular de los capilares y vénulas mostraron intensa inmunotinción de VEGF.

CT and MR findings of the respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in the nasal olfactory clefts / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To study the CT and MR characteristic features of the respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of olfactory clefts. Methods (1)The CT and MRI findings of 29 patients with histologically proved respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in the olfactory clefts were retrospectively reviewed.All patients underwent CT and 8 of them underwent MRI. Location, CT and MRI features, and associated findings of the disease were reviewed;(2)The CT findings, olfactory clefts width, total nasal distance, and the ratio of OC to the total nasal distance of the case patients (29 cases) and the control patients (33 patients with sinusitis) were compared to investigate the correlation of the olfactory clefts distance and the incidence of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in olfactory clefts. Results All patients were associated with sinusitis, and 23 had sinonasal polyps, 1 had papilloma. On nonenhanced CT, the OC lesions with the OC widening were isodense to gray matter in all cases, and the lesions caused the adjacent bony expansion and absorption rather than erosion; 15 cases were bilateral diseases and 14 were unilateral;The olfactory clefts width of the case patients and the control patients were (1.03±0.24) cm, (0.71± 0.17) cm, respectively. There was statistically significant difference (t=4.963, P0.05) for the total nasal distance, and was significant difference(t=6.029,P<0.01)in the ratio of OC to the total nasal distance between the two groups. On T1WI, the disease appeared isointense in 6 patients and slightly hypointense in 2 patients compared with gray matter. On T2WI, the lesions revealed heterogeneous isointense in all patients. Regular cribriform pattern was found on MR T2WI and enhanced TlWI. Conclusions The unilateral or bilateral olfactory cleft opacification in chronic sinusitis patients with or without sinonasal polyposis, with involved OC widening and the adjacent bony walls compressed and remodeled may highly suggests the presence of REAH in the OC. The lesions showed inhomogeneous isointense signal on T2WI images, regular cribriform pattern enhancement are typical imaging feature of this entity.

Numerical research on the deposition of suspended particulate matter in respiratory tract / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

[ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVETo study the deposition of suspended particles in the respiratory tract during human breathing.METHODSBased on CT data, three dimensional finite element model of an anatomically accurate respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and parts of tracheobronchial tree, is established. Numerical analysis for the deposition of suspended particles in the respiratory tract was conducted. RESULTSThe velocity and pressure distributions of airflow in the respiratory tract were obtained, as well as the particles path and their deposition law.CONCLUSION Respiratory tract plays an important role in filtering suspended particles in the air during breathing. The main deposition sites of the particles were at the front of the inferior turbinate and the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Role of histamine on the expression of tight junctions gene in airway epithelia / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To investigate and elucidate the role of histamine on the regulation of tight junctions(TJs) gene expression of the airway epithelial cells. METHODS We cultured primary human bronchial epithelial cells from healthy and asthmatic individuals in the presence of histamine for 96 hours in air-liquid interface (ALI) culture system. The TJs expression on the level of mRNA and protein was determined by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence (confocal microscopy), respectively. RESULTS A RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of several TJs were up- or down-regulated by histamine. However, examination by confocal microscope revealed no detectable alterations in the morphology of the tight junctions after stimulating with histamine. CONCLUSION Our findings that histamine could regulate the mRNA expression of TJs of bronchial epithelial cells. That might contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.

Case for diagnosis

Hansen's disease is a chronic infecto-contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The bacillus prefers low-temperature areas and the nose is usually the initial site of lesions. Transmission of the bacilli occurs by nasal and oropharyngeal secretions, and through solutions of continuity of the skin and/or mucosae. Nasal manifestations are found in the later stages of the disease.

Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rhinologic Fields / 대한이비인후과학회지

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which are present in a variety of adult tissues and reside in essentially all post-natal organs and tissues. MSCs represent an important stem cell population with multi-potent capabilities which may have high utility for translational clinical applications. MSCs can be isolated from a number of adult tissues and differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages both in vitro and in vivo, such as bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and muscle. Because of their capacities of differentiation, MSCs have emerged as a promising source for therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In addition to their multi-lineage potential, MSCs have been shown to possess the unique ability to suppress immune response and modulate inflammation. MSCs can inhibit natural killer cell function, modulate dendritic cell maturation, and suppress the allogeneic T-cell response by alternating the cytokine secretion profile of dendritic cells and T-cells induced by an allogeneic immune reaction. Therefore, MSCs have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this article, I review recent experimental data and discuss about the application of MSCs in rhinologic fields.

Effects of formaldehyde on respiratory mucosa in rats / Efectos del formaldehído sobre la mucosa respiratoria en ratas

Formaldehyde inhalation, are known to be nasal mucosa irritating feature. This study we are examined the effects histopathologic of formaldehyde inhalation on rats by using light microscopy. 16 adult wistar albino rats were used in this study. 8 rats were in control group and 8 rats were in experiment group. Experiment group was exposed to 10 ppm formaldhyde 8hours/day,5days/week for 8 week. Nasal mucosa was removed and placed in 10 percent formaline. Sections were stained with Hematoxylene-Eosine and observed under light microscopy. The lining epithelium of respiratory mucosa showed a loss of ciliated cells with metaplasia of goblet cells and hyperplasia of squamous cells.

Es conocido que la inhalación de formaldehído tiene caraterísticas irritantes para la mucosa nasal. En este estudio se examinaron los efectos histopatológicos de la inhalación de formaldehído en ratas mediante microscopía de luz. Se utilizaron en este estudio 16 ratas Wistar albinas adultas, ocho ratas como grupo control y ocho como grupo experimental. El grupo experimental fue expuesto a 10 ppm formaldehído 8 horas/día, 5 días/semana por 8 semanas. La mucosa nasal fue retirada y colocada en formalina al 10 por ciento. Las secciones obtenidas fueron teñidas con Hematoxilina-Eosina y observadas al microscopio óptico. El epitelio de revestimiento de la mucosa respiratoria mostró una pérdida de células ciliadas con metaplasia de las células caliciformes e hiperplasia de células escamosas.

Efeito do óxido nítrico no transporte mucociliar / Effects of nitric oxide in mucociliary transport

As vias aéreas, constituídas por epitélio ciliado e secretor de muco, promovem ao trato respiratório mecanismo de defesa que livra esta superfície das partículas inaladas durante a respiração. É de fundamental importância o entendimento da fisiologia e dos mecanismos envolvidos com a atividade mucociliar. A literatura sugere que o NO, em especial o produzido pela expressão da iNOS, mantém a função mucociliar e a defesa imune da cavidade nasal. Objetivo: Avaliar o envolvimento do NO e das vias enzimáticas da produção do NO no transporte mucociliar, utilizando inibidores da NO sintase constitutiva e indutiva, L-NAME e aminoguanidina, respectivamente. Materiais e métodos: Preparações de palatos de rã foram imersos em soluções de ringer (controle), L-NAME ou aminoguanidina. Os palatos foram imersos nestas soluções por quatro períodos de 15 minutos. Medidas da velocidade do transporte mucociliar foram feitas antes e após cada exposição. Resultos: Palatos controles mantiveram estável a velocidade do transporte. O L-NAME aumentou, enquanto a aminoguanidina reduziu a velocidade de transporte do muco. Conclusão: O bloqueio inespecífico da cNOS com L-NAME e bloqueio relativamente específico da iNOS com aminoguanidina permitiu propor que dependendo da via o NO pode aumentar ou diminuir o transporte mucociliar em palatos de rã.

The airways are made up of ciliated epithelium which secretes mucous, protecting the respiratory tract from particles inhaled during breathing. Its is paramount to understand the physiology and the mechanisms involved in mucociliary activity. Literature suggests that Nitric oxide (NO), especially the one produced by iNOS expression, maintains the mucociliary function and the immune defense of the nasal cavity. AIM: to assess NO participation and the enzymatic pathways in the production of NO and mucociliary transport, using constructive and inductive NO synthetase inhibitors, L-NAME and aminoguanidine, respectively. Materials and methods: frog palates were prepared and immerse in ringer (control), L-NAME or aminoguanidine solutions. The palates were immerse in these solutions for four periods of 15 minutes. Mucociliary transport measures were carried out before and after each exposure. Results: control palates maintained stable their transportation speed. L-NAME increased, while aminoguanidine reduced mucous transportation velocity. Conclusion: unspecific cNOS block with L-NAME and relatively specific iNOS block with aminoguanidine results leads us to propose that depending on the pathway, the NO can increase or reduce mucociliary transport in frog palates.

Efeitos do cigarro sobre o epitélio respiratório e sua participação na rinossinusite crônica: [revisão] / Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: [review]

O crescente consumo de cigarro tem despertado preocupações com o desenvolvimento e agravamento de doenças, em especial às relacionadas ao trato respiratório. Objetivo: Neste artigo revisamos as evidências que apontam os efeitos da fumaça de cigarro sobre o epitélio respiratório bem como o seu papel na fisiopatogenia na rinossinusite crônica. Conclusão: Embora existam dados que fortaleçam um vínculo entre o hábito de fumar e a RSC, em seu conjunto, os estudos demonstram que deve haver grande dependência da susceptibilidade individual na resposta à fumaça de cigarro para o desenvolvimento ou manutenção da RSC. Uma adequada orientação a esses pacientes para interrupção do consumo de cigarro, assim como o reforço de campanhas de combate ao tabagismo, são de extrema importância para o controle dessa doença de grande impacto sócio-econômico.

The increasing consumption of cigarettes has aroused concerns about the development and worsening of diseases, particularly those related to the respiratory tract. AIM: In this paper we review the evidence suggesting the effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis. Conclusions: Although there is evidence supporting a link between smoking and CRS, studies suggest that there might be individual susceptibility to cigarette smoking causing the development and/or maintenance of CRS. Proper patient educations to quit smoking as well as reinforcement of antismoking campaigns are extremely important to control this disease of major socio-economic impact.

The study on the Expression of Estrogen Receptors in Mast Cells of Bronchial Mucosa from Asthmatic Patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of estrogen receptor expression in mast cells of bronchial mucosa from female asthmatic patients.Methods 12 cases of female asthmatic patients and 9 cases of control female patients were enrolled in this study.The bronchial mucosa was obtained from the third grade bronchial by fiexible bronchofiberscope.Mast cells were marked by anti-mast cell tryptase monoclonal antibody,the expression of estrogen receptor(ER)were detected by anti-human estrogen receptor(ER)monoclonal antibodies.Results Mast cells and estrogen receptor positive cells of bronchial mucosa in female asthmatic patients were significantly higher than that in control group(P＜0.01).Coincident with the known features of bronchial asthma,the cells positive for estrogen receptor were morphologically similar to the mast cells.The cells stained for estrogen receptors by dual immunostaining coincided exactly with cells labeled as mast cells.Conclusion The result suggested the estrogen may be involved in the pathogenesis of female asthmatic patient through the changes of estrogen receptor expression in mast cells of bronchial mucosa.

TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is regulated by a Rac-ROS-dependent cascade in human airway epithelial cells

Up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the lung airway epithelium is associated with the epithelium-leukocyte interaction, critical for the pathogenesis of various lung airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma. However, little is known about how ICAM-1 is up-regulated in human airway epithelial cells. In this study, we show that tumor TNF-alpha induces monocyte adhesion to A549 human lung airway epithelium and also up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression. These effects were significantly diminished by pre-treatment with diphenyliodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase-like flavoenzyme. In addition, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased in response to TNF-alpha in A549 cells, suggesting a potential role of ROS in the TNF-alpha-induced signaling to ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to airway epithelium. Further, we found out that expression of Rac(N17), a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, suppressed TNF-alpha-induced ROS generation, ICAM-1 expression, and monocyte adhesion to airway epithelium. These findings suggest that Rac1 lies upstream of ROS generation in the TNF-alpha-induced signaling to ICAM-1 expression in airway epithelium. Finally, pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, reduced TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression and both DPI and Rac(N17) significantly diminished NF-kappaB activation in response to TNF-alpha. Together, we propose that Rac1-ROS-linked cascade mediate TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation in the airway epithelium via NF-kappaB-dependent manner.

Efeito da umidificação dos gases anestésicos nas propriedades físicas e transportabilidade do muco respiratório durante anestesia geral / Effects of inspired gases humidity on respiratory mucus in patients under general anesthesia

Introdução: Em pacientes sob intubação endotraqueal os mecanismos fisiológicos de climatização do ar inspirado são anulados. Durante anestesia geral, quando os gases inspiratórios são ofertados secos e frios, a manutenção da umidade das vias aéreas é condição importante para prevenção de lesões da mucosa respiratória e ressecamento das secreções. Os sistemas de anestesia possuem propriedades de umidicação inerentes, decorrentes do sistema respiratório circular e a presença do absorvedor de CO2. Entretanto, os níveis de umidificação, durante a anestesia, dependem de vários fatores incluindo o tipo de ventilador anestésico, montagem do sistema respiratório e o fluxo de gás fresco utilizado. Porém não há dados na literatura que tenham investigado o efeito nos níveis de umidade do gás inspirado nas propriedades físicas e de transportabilidade do muco respiratório. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de Temperatura (T), umidade absoluta (UA) e umidade relativa (UR) do ar inspirado durante anestesia geral oferecidos pelo sistema circular valvular com absorção de CO2 e com a adição do HME em dois tipos de ventiladores (Drãger e Takaoka). Avaliar os efeitos do HME sobre os níveis de Temperatura e Umidade dos gases inspirados ofertados pelos dois equipamentos. Avaliar o impacto da umidade sobre as propriedades físicas e de transportabilidade do muco respiratório. Método: Foram selecionados 44 pacientes da Clínica Cirúrgica II do Departamento de Gastroenterologia do HCFMUSP com indicação de cirurgia abdominal eletiva e anestesia geral com duração superior a 4 horas. Os pacientes foram alocados em 4 grupos conforme o tipo do ventilador utilizado (Drãger ou Takaoka) e a presença ou ausência do HME. O muco respiratório e os dados de temperatura, UR e UA do gás ofertado foram coletados logo após a intubação endotraqueal, e a cada duas horas até o final da cirurgia. A análise do muco respiratório foi realizada através dos seguintes métodos: Transportabilidade mucociliar (MCT)...

Background: In patients who are intubated, the natural mechanism of gas climatization by the nose and the upper airway is bypassed. During anesthesia, when the inspiratory gases are cold and dry, humidification of gases is recommended to prevent drying of the mucosal epithelium and respiratory secretions. The anesthesia systems have inherent humidifying properties as a result of the valvular rebreathing of some of the expired humidity and of the production of water in the CO2 absorber. However, the level of moisture in anesthetic ventilation is critically dependent on several factors that include the equipment, the arrangement of the circle breathing system and the fresh gas flow. To date the effect of humidity on respiratory mucus properties and transportability was not investigated. Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure the humidity and temperature of the inspired gas from a circle absorber system in two different ventilators (Drãger and Takaoka) and the effect of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the inspired gas. Furthermore, we also evaluated the impact of humidity on in vitro mucus transportability and physical properties. Methods: We studied 44 patients with no pulmonary disease scheduled for elective surgery that were randomly allocated in four groups according to the anesthetic equipment (Drãger or Takaoka) and the absence or presence of HME. Respiratory mucus was collected and Temperature (T), absolute humidity (AH), relative humidity (RH) of inspired gases were recorded immediately after intubation (T0) and every 2 hours. In vitro respiratory mucus was studied by mucociliary transportability (MCT) by the frog palate method; cough clearance (CC) by the cough equipment, and contact angle (CA) by direct observation. Results: Drãger equipment delivered significantly higher levels of RH and AH when compared to Takaoka. The addition of HME increased AH and T in both equipments. RH was improved only in the Takaoka equipment...

Sialoglycoproteins and penultimate sugar expression pattern in developing murine olfactory and respiratory mucosa

Sialic acid residues are constant constituents of the glycoproteins of the airways in all species. Sialoglycoproteins are the main acidic glycoprotein and their functions are to mediate cell adherence, to control the viscoelasticity of mucus and to serve as receptor sites for the binding of exogenous macromolecules. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the distribution of sialoglycoproteins as a terminal sugar and in the composition of the penultimate sugar according to aging in the murine nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa. Nasal cavities of mice (BALB/c) were fixed by intracardiac perfusion with 2.0% glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon 812. First, the serial sections were stained with Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA). Then, the adjacent sections were stained with DBA and PNA before and after neuraminidase digestion in all experimental groups. Apical cell surfaces of olfactory mucosa and cilia on a few ciliated cells in the mucosa of the septum and nasal floor were labelled with MAA, but cell surfaces of respiratory mucosa, Bowman's glands and goblet cells were not labelled with MAA, irrespective of aging. Apical cell surfaces of both olfactory and respiratory mucosa and Bowman's glands were stained with SNA, however, goblet cells were not labelled with SNA. After neuraminidase digestion to remove terminal sialic acid residues of sialoglycoproteins, only cell surfaces of respiratory mucosa were labelled with PNA, but goblet cells, cell surfaces of olfactory mucosa and Bowman's glands were not labelled with PNA. Cell surfaces and Bowman's glands of olfactory mucosa were labelled with DBA after neuraminidase digestion, but cell surfaces of respiratory mucosa and goblet cells were not labelled with DBA. Our results indicate that there were different carbohydrate structures of sialoglycoconjugates in olfactory and respiratory mucosa, and it was not influenced by aging.